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John Rawls

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A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition (Belknap) ハードカバー

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英語
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17.78 x 4.45 x 25.4 cm
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0674000773
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978-0674000773
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言語 ‏ : ‎ 英語
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0674000773
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0674000773
寸法 ‏ : ‎ 17.78 x 4.45 x 25.4 cm

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4.6 356個の評価

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I was able to read a book a little.

2016年6月14日に日本でレビュー済み

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I like the power of morality. It is necessary to adhere to justice in order to protect the power of morality. Justice is a very nice power, morality is thought that it is a very good force. There is a basis and the power and membership that really want to help the human beings. Freedom will be protected fairness by justice. Justice is in the international organizations. We will do our best.

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2003年12月23日に日本でレビュー済み

政治哲学者ジョンロールズが社会正義について論じた本。社会（政府）が弱者を救済することに正義はあるのか？という根本的な問いに説得力のある思考実験を通じて答えを出してくれる良書である。人間が無知のベールにつつまれ、社会的なステータス、収入、資産、男女、健康状態などの自分に関するあらゆる状態を自分が分からない状態にいたら、人間は一体どんな決断をするだろうかという思考実験を通じて、真実の社会正義を探る。福祉国家の正当性によく持ち出される彼の議論は、国家政策の公平性を論じたい人には必須の書と言えよう。

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August Baker

So much depends on it

2024年4月21日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済み

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If you want to read modern philosophers, Martha Nussbaum, Timothy Williamson, Owen Flanagan, Daniel Dennett, etc etc., they all seem to employ concepts or frameworks from Theory of Justice in the background. That's my impression anyway. So in other words, the author and the book are brilliant. It's as fascinating a read as you would think.

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Chris Banks

Monumental work of scholarship

2023年5月2日に英国でレビュー済み

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I am returning to this work after earlier studies whilst a student. Time has not diminished the power of the arguments and the brilliance of the writing. Rereading prompted by reading Free and Equal - Daniel Chandler ....a hugely influential book just issued and sure to be a classic amongst serious political thinkers. My goodness how we need some political honesty and competence - I am sickened by the political circus in government.

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Luis Fernandez

Ambitious, but ultimately failed, attempt at laying the foundatios of moral an political philosophy

2022年3月20日にスペインでレビュー済み

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In this book, John Rawls articulates an understanding of social justice. For Rawls, social justice refers to the basic principles that organize a society; these principles are just if they would be hypothetically chosen by the members of that society when they started from an initial position of equality and ignorance of their particular situation, interests and abilities (the original position). Moreover, he argues that this choice has a definite unique answer; the principles chosen would be (p. 266):
- P1: Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
- P2: Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:
(a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged; (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
By “fair equality of opportunity” it is meant that “those who are at the same level of talent and ability, and have the same willingness to use them, should have the same prospects of success regardless of their initial place in the social system.” (p. 63).
In order to interpret those principles, two priority rules need to be applied:
- P1 has priority over P2 and therefore the basic liberties can be restricted only for the sake of liberty: (a) a less extensive liberty must strengthen the total system of liberties shared by all; (b) a less than equal liberty must be acceptable to those with the lesser liberty.
- P2b is prior to P2a. An inequality of opportunity must enhance the opportunities of those with the lesser opportunity (p. 266).
Rawls then goes on to explore what type of society could implement these principles, finding that a constitutional democracy would be a possibility. In addition, he analyzes whether such society would be stable, in the sense of whether individuals in such society would acquire and benefit from having the proposed sense of justice. To this question he also answers in the affirmative, providing a number of developmental and psychological arguments.
The book is extremely ambitious, aiming at laying the ground of most moral and political philosophy. Unfortunately I believe that the text fails in this goal, since the arguments presented have many weaknesses and the conclusions found are unconvincing. Nevertheless, the book is an interesting read, since it is carefully written and thought-provoking (and indeed has been extremely influential).
The idea of the original position (OP) as a fundamental device to establish justice, while interesting, is nevertheless problematic. In the OP we are asked to think how we would reason if we did not know, not only our position in society, but also our interests and abilities, as well as the particular circumstances of our society (such as the level of civilization and culture). We are, however, assumed to know the general facts about human societies (principles of economics, politics and social organization, as well as human psychology, pp.118-119). It is clear that some of these stipulations are needed to ensure that our choices are not guided by narrow self-serving interests (which presumably have little to do with justice). However, by leaving aside any knowledge about ourselves it becomes unclear who is really choosing, and how we could make or accept that choice. It seems it would be some impersonal being rather than actual people. This becomes particularly problematic if we take Rawls’ Kantian interpretation of the OP whereby he claims that in the OP we express our nature as free an equal rational beings. The idea that in order to express our true selves we need to ignore everything about ourselves seems unsatisfactory. In addition, ignoring the particulars of our society can lead us to make unwise choices (the road to hell is paved with good intentions) or even make the choice itself meaningless.
The objections to the reasoning leading from the OP to the two principles are even more profound. The fundamental problem is that Rawls’ analysis in many ways ignores the moral significance of liberty. This contention might seem surprising, given that P1 (which has priority over P2) establishes a claim to “the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties”. The problem is that Rawls has a somewhat narrow notion of “basic liberties”. Basic liberties are to be given by a list, but are not exhaustively enumerated; it is noted, however, that the right to own certain kinds of property (eg. means of production) and laissez-faire freedom of contract are not included in the list; other arguably less fundamental liberties, such as political ones, are, however, included in the list. These choices seem somewhat arbitrary and are not justified. But it seems clear that Rawls’ notion of basic liberties is a relatively limited one. Note that it is this narrow notion of liberty that allows Rawls to propose P2, since P2 would be overridden by a more expansive notion of liberty. One could even say that Rawls presentation is misleading, since he often appeals to the priority of liberty (with the powerful emotional response which this term elicits), but only briefly notes that his notion is a rather constrained one. Without going as far as accusing Rawls of being misleading, we can certainly wish that he had discussed in more detail his notion of liberty, given the centrality of this concept in his theory, and consider this hole a serious deficiency of the book. Moreover, when initially arguing for P2, it is indicated that socioeconomic differences arising due to unequal endowments (be them family wealth and position or innate or acquired abilities) have no moral relevance, and it is therefore legitimate to eliminate them. It is overlooked, however, that those socioeconomic differences can be the result of the application of individual liberty. To the extent that liberty has moral value, those differences would seem to inherit that moral significance. In addition, the argumentation leading for the 2 principles mainly tries to show that they would be preferable to utility maximization. It seems surprising that Rawls does not consider, for example, the possibility that the parties might choose a more minimal set of principles, for example P1 alone (which could resemble Classical Liberalism, provided that an extensive enough notion of liberty is considered). Moreover, the arguments seem rather ad-hoc. For example, it is first argued that in the original position the agents don’t have particular interests (or are unaware of them), but they do value their liberties, therefore they would choose P1; this argument, however, seems to fall into the begging the question fallacy.
In conclusion, the book presents a stimulating articulation of fundamental political philosophy ideas. Even if it falls short of its (very ambitious) goals, it is still a work worth contending with.

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Eduardo José Siqueira

Ótimo

2020年9月1日にブラジルでレビュー済み

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É Rawls, muitas das ideias atuais sobre Estado e direito nasceram dessa obra e é essencial ler ela para quem estuda esses temas.
A qualidade da capa e das paginas é inferior a um livro nacional, os livros americanos sao assim mesmo entao é normal.

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River

Une théorie essentielle

2021年2月17日にフランスでレビュー済み

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Il s'agit selon moi d'un livre essentiel si on s'intéresse à la philosophie politique, car il propose une théorie complète de ce qu'est une société juste. C'est par ailleurs la référence si on s'intéresse à la philosophie social-libérale ou libérale de gauche.

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A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition (Belknap) ハードカバー

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