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John Gray
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Liberalism (Concepts in the Social Sciences) ハードカバー – 1995/12/1

英語版 John Gray (著)
3.7 5つ星のうち3.7 5個の評価
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Since the publication in 1986 of the first edition of Liberalism, both the world and the author's views have changed significantly. In this second edition, John Gray argues that, whereas liberalism was the political theory of modernity, it is ill-equipped to cope with the dilemmas of the postmodern condition. Developments in philosophy have undermined the attempts of liberal theorists to give liberal institutions a universal foundation in reason, while developments in political life have overturned the Enlightenment philosophy of history on which liberal theory depends. The liberal project - the project of stating universal principles which persons and communities with divergent conceptions of the good and differing views of the world can accept as framing terms of peaceful coexistence - has foundered. The task now, as Gray sees it, is to develop a pluralist political theory, in which the liberal problem of finding a modus vivendi among rival communities and worldviews is solved in postliberal terms.
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  1. 本の長さ
    128ページ
  2. 言語
    英語
  3. 出版社
    Open Univ Pr
  4. 発売日
    1995/12/1
  5. ISBN-10
    0335194753
  6. ISBN-13
    978-0335194759
  7. すべての詳細を表示
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商品の説明

著者について

John Gray has been a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, since 1976.

登録情報

  • 出版社 ‏ : ‎ Open Univ Pr; 第2版 (1995/12/1)
  • 発売日 ‏ : ‎ 1995/12/1
  • 言語 ‏ : ‎ 英語
  • ハードカバー ‏ : ‎ 128ページ
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0335194753
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0335194759
  • カスタマーレビュー:
    3.7 5つ星のうち3.7 5個の評価

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John Gray

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5つ星のうち5.0 拡散するリベラリズムの現状を概観するために。
2005年3月2日に日本でレビュー済み
リベラリズムは根拠（自然権、功利主義、社会契約）や帰結（最小国家論から社会主義まで）によって様々に分化する多義的な概念だが、著者はそれでも４つの特徴があるという。個人主義、平等主義、普遍主義、進歩主義である。本書はこれら４つの特徴を基軸としながら、前半で歴史的背景を説明し、後半で理論的議論を分析する。
政治哲学の入門書の常として、本書は中立的な解説書ではなく随所に著者の見解が出ている。著者の立場は、第１版では、所有権の絶対性を重視する古典的リベラリズムの立場であったが、第２版では、リベラリズムは近代の所産である進歩主義に依存した思想であってポストモダンの諸問題に対応することはできないというポストリベラリズムの立場に移行している。ただ、本書の本体部分は第１版の立場のまま残されており、最後にポストリベラリズムの立場からの１章付け足す形になっている。
著者の立場に賛同するかどうかに関りなく、全体で１００頁弱の小著ながら拡散するリベラリズムの現状を上手く説明した本書は、リベラリズムに興味を持つ全ての人にとって絶好の入門書である。
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Kevin Currie-Knight
5つ星のうち4.0 Varieties of Liberal Experience
2011年7月20日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済み
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Liberalism, by John Gray, appeared in 1986, while Gray was still a convinced classical liberal, but beginning to have doubts that it's position was as sturdy as many advocates have claimed. Probably for that reason - plus the fact that Gray is a very clear and conversational writer - this book is a must read for any classical liberal, or liberal of a more "leftist" variety. Gray explains what classical liberalism is, how it developed, the diversity of its advocates, and potential areas of weakness.

The first several chapters are devoted to exploring the history of classical liberalism. AS to whether classical liberal elements appear in Ancient Greek thought, Gray is more ambivalent than some. The Classical Greeks certainly had no concept of rights similar to our current ones, but saw rights as duties to the state and society to fulfill one's social function. While there were hints of the idea of moral equality amongst the Stoics and Sophists, it was a minority position amongst a people who believed that slavery and moral hierarchy were simply part of the natural order. Liberalism arrived with the likes of Hobbes and Spinoza, both of whom justified government solely by appeal to self-interest. The idea was taken further by Locke, who tied a natural right to self-ownership (existing in a state of nature) to a right to property and minimal government.

The Scottish Enlightenment, American Revolution, and French Revolutions are compared and contrasted, each containing different variations on liberal themes. Gray also outlines the advent of utilitarianism which, while its champions were quite liberal in an individualist sense, sowed the seeds for the gradual introduction and expansion of social engineering for the sake of the "general good" and, with it, the decline of liberalism. At the point Gray was writing, classical liberalism had been enjoying a 30-or-so year resurgence thanks to the prominence of liberals like Hayek, Friedman and (to a lesser degree) Rothbard. Gray ends the section by remaining cautiously agnostic on whether classical liberalism's curious alliance with conservative politics would prove fruitful. (In retrospect, I think we can sadly say that the tension between these two ideologies warranted Gray's later skepticism.)

The second half of the book discusses the philosophical issues involved in liberalism. First, Gray discusses the various attempts - deontological, utilitarian, contractarian - to justify classical liberal policy. Liberalism's primacy on negative liberty is discussed next, Gray (rightly) seeing tension between the primacy on negative liberty and a recognition that autonomy is also an important part of liberty, (In Gray's words," Freedom may be curbed by means other than coercion, and it is a virtue of the idea of freedom as autonomy (in contrast with the more stringently negative view) that it accommodates this fact" (60).) The critics of a liberal approach - namely, conservatism and socialism - are discussed and rejected for not offering coherent visions to compete with liberalism. The relationship between individual freedoms and property rights are also discussed and defended on Hayekian grounds.

To this reviewer, one key strength of this book is that it looks at liberalism not as a default or inevitable political position, but as a historical phenomena with ebbs, flows, not as a position, but as a group of positions with a "family resemblance." Some liberals have tended towards an absolutistic defense of negative liberty (Spencer, Rothbard), while others have tended to a more utilitarian idea of autonomy as the goal of any good government (Mill, Friedman). Some have taken the Lockean road of rigorous adherence to a natural rights principle, while others have followed Hume and Smith, appealing more to the utilitarian benefits of markets and liberty.

This is a very thoughtful, concise, and really well-written examination of liberalism, its evolution, and its "general position." The book is made all the more interesting because, in retrospect, we know that Gray abandoned several - certainly not all - of his liberal zeal with future works. The book appearing after this one, Two Faces of Liberalism, saw Gray abandon the traditionally liberal ideas of historical progress and the universallizabiity of liberal tenets .Whether you are interested in liberalism, or the mind of John Gray, this book is a great one to read and think about.
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