目次

Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology What Is Social Psychology?The Power of Social Interpretation How Else Can We Understand SocialInfluence? Social Psychology Compared with Personality Psychology SocialPsychology Compared with Sociology The Power of Social InfluenceUnderestimating the Power of Social Influence The Subjectivity of the SocialSituation Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives The Self-EsteemApproach: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves The Social CognitionApproach: The Need to Be Accurate Additional Motives Social Psychology andSocial Problems Summary Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists DoResearch Social Psychology: an Empirical Science Formulating Hypotheses andTheories Inspiration from Earlier Theories and Research Hypotheses Based onPersonal Observations The Observational Method: Describing Social BehaviorArchival Analysis Limits of the Observational Method The CorrelationalMethod: Predicting Social Behavior Surveys CONNECTIONS: Random Selection inPolitical Polls Limits of the Correlational Method: Correlation Does NotEqual Causation The Experimental Method: Answering Causal QuestionsIndependent and Dependent Variables Internal Validity in ExperimentsExternal Validity in Experiments Basic Versus Applied Research NEWFRONTIERS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Culture and Social PsychologyThe Evolutionary Approach Social Neuroscience Ethical Issues in SocialPsychology Guidelines for Ethical Research Summary Chapter 3 SocialCognition: How We Think about the Social World On Automatic Pilot:Low-Effort Thinking People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking withSchemas Mental Strategies and Shortcuts The Power of Unconscious ThinkingCultural Differences in Social Cognition Controlled Social Cognition:High-Effort Thinking Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual ReasoningThought Suppression and Ironic Processing Improving Human Thinking TheAmadou Diallo Case Revisited Summary Chapter 4 Social Perception: How WeCome to Understand Other People Nonverbal Behavior Facial Expressions ofEmotion Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication MultichannelNonverbal Communication CONNECTIONS: The E-Mail Dilemma; Communicatingwithout Nonverbal Cues Implicit Personality Theories: Filling In the BlanksCulture and Implicit Personality Theories Causal Attribution: Answering the"Why" Question The Nature of the Attribution Process The Covariation Model:Internal versus External Attributions The Correspondence Bias: People asPersonality Psychologists CONNECTIONS: Police Interrogations and theCorrespondence Bias Culture and the Correspondence Bias The Actor/ObserverDifference Self-Serving Attributions Culture and Other Attributional BiasesSummary Chapter 5 The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social ContextSelf-Knowledge Cultural Differences in Defining the Self Gender Differencesin Defining the Self Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection KnowingOurselves by Observing Our Own Behavior Mindsets: Understanding Our OwnAbilities Using Other People to Know Ourselves SELF-control: The EXECUTIVEFUNCTION OF THE SELF Impression Management: All the World's a StageCulture, Impression Management, and Self-Enhancement Criticial Thinking: HowCould You Use This? Summary Chapter 6 The Need to Justify Our Actions TheCosts and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction Maintaining a Stable, PositiveSelf-Image The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Rational Behavior versusRationalizing Behavior Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Dissonance, theBrain, and Evolution Justifying Your Effort The Psychology of InsufficientJustification Advocacy and Hypocrisy Applied to Social Problems Good andBad Deeds Culture and Dissonance Some Final Thoughts on Dissonance:Learning from Our Mistakes Heaven's Gate Revisited Summary Chapter 7Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings The Natureand Origin of Attitudes Where Do Attitudes Come From? Explicit versusImplicit Attitudes How Do Attitudes Change? Changing Attitudes by ChangingBehavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited Persuasive Communicationsand Attitude Change Emotion and Attitude Change Confidence in One'sThoughts and Attitude Change Resisting Persuasive Messages AttitudeInoculation Be Alert to Product Placement Resisting Peer Pressure WhenPersuasion Attempts Boomerang: Reactance Theory When Will Attitudes PredictBehavior? Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors Predicting DeliberativeBehaviors The Power of Advertising Connections: Do Media Campaigns toReduce Drug Use Work? How Advertising Works Subliminal Advertising: A Formof Mind Control? Advertising, Cultural Stereotypes, and Social BehaviorSummary Chapter 8 Conformity: Influencing Behavior Conformity: When AndWhy Informational Social Influence: The Need To Know What'S "Right" TheImportance of Being Accurate When Informational Conformity Backfires WhenWill People Conform to Informational Social Influence? Normative SocialInfluence: The Need To Be Accepted Conformity and Social Approval: The AschLine Judgment Studies The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited TheConsequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence Normative SocialInfluence in Everyday Life When Will People Conform to Normative SocialInfluence? Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many CONNECTIONS:The Power of Propaganda Using Social Influence To Promote BeneficialBehavior The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms Obedience ToAuthority The Role of Normative Social Influence The Role of InformationalSocial Influence Other Reasons Why We Obey The Obedience Studies, Then andNow Summary Chapter 9 Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups What isA Group? Why Do People Join Groups? The Composition and Functions of GroupsGroups and Individuals' Behavior Social Facilitation: When the Presence ofOthers Energizes Us Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes UsGender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most?Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd Group Decisions: are Two (orMore) Heads Better Than One? Process Loss: When Group Interactions InhibitGood Problem Solving CONNECTIONS: Was the Decision to Invade Iraq a Resultof Groupthink? Group Polarization: Going to Extremes Leadership in GroupsConflict and Cooperation Social Dilemmas Using Threats to Resolve ConflictEffects of Communication Negotiation and Bargaining Critical Thinking: HowCould You Use This? Summary Chapter 10 Interpersonal Attraction:From FirstImpressions to Close Relationships What Causes Attraction? The Person NextDoor: The Propinquity Effect Similarity Reciprocal Liking PhysicalAttractiveness and Liking Theories of Interpersonal Attraction: SocialExchange and Equity Close Relationships Defining Love Culture and LoveLove and Relationships Evolution and Love: Choosing a Mate CONNECTIONS:Does Ovulation Affect Perceptions of Male Attractiveness? Attachment Stylesin Intimate Relationships CONNECTIONS: This Is Your Brain...In Love SocialExchange in Long-Term Relationships Equity in Long-Term RelationshipsEnding Intimate Relationships The Process of Breaking Up The Experience ofBreaking Up Summary Chapter 11 Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes Social Exchange: The Costs andRewards of Helping Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for HelpingPersonal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More ThanOthers? Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality GenderDifferences in Prosocial Behavior Cultural Differences in Prosocial BehaviorReligion and Prosocial Behavior The Effects of Mood on Prosocial BehaviorSituational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When will People Help?Environment: Rural versus Urban Residential Mobility The Number ofBystanders: The Bystander Effect The Nature of the Relationship: Communalversus Exchange Relationships How can Helping be Increased? Increasing theLikelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene Positive Psychology and ProsocialBehavior CONNECTIONS: Increasing Volunteerism Summary Chapter 12Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? Can We Prevent It? What isAggression? Is Aggression Inborn or Learned? Is Aggression Instinctual?Situational? Optional? Aggression and Culture Neural and ChemicalInfluences on Aggression Gender and Aggression Alcohol and AggressionPain, Discomfort, and Aggression Social Situations and AggressionFrustration and Aggression Being Provoked and Reciprocating AggressiveObjects as Cues Endorsement, Imitation and Aggression Violence in theMedia: TV, Movies, and Video Games Does Violence Sell? Violent Pornographyand Violence against Women How to Reduce Aggression Does PunishingAggression Reduce Aggressive Behavior? Catharsis and Aggression The Effectof War on General Aggression What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger?Teaching Empathy in School Could the Columbine Massacre Have Been Prevented?Summary Chapter 13 Prejudice: Causes and Cures Prejudice: The UbiquitousPrejudice: the ubiquitous Social Phenomenon Prejudice and Self-Esteem AProgress Report Prejudice Defined Stereotypes: The Cognitive ComponentDiscrimination: The Behavioral Component What Causes Prejudice? The Way WeThink: Social Cognition How We Assign Meaning: Attributional Biases Blamingthe Victim Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict TheoryThe Way We Conform: Normative Rules Subtle Sexism How Can Prejudice beReduced? The Contact Hypothesis When Contact Reduces Prejudice: SixConditions Why Early Desegregation Failed Cooperation and Interdependence:The Jigsaw Classroom Why Does Jigsaw Work? Summary Chapter14 SocialPsychology in Action 1 Making a Difference with Social Psychology: Attaininga Sustainable Future Applied Research In Social Psychology Capitalizing onthe Experimental Method Social Psychology to the Rescue Using SocialPsychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Resolving Social DilemmasConveying and Changing Social Norms Making It Easy to Keep Track ofConsumption Introducing a Little Competitiveness Inducing HypocrisyRemoving Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes Happiness and a SustainableLife Style What Makes People Happy? Money, Materialism, and Happiness DoPeople Know What Makes Them Happy? Summary Chapter15 Social Psychology inAction 2: Social Psychology and Health Stress and Human Health ResiliencePerceived Stress and Health Feeling in Charge: The Importance of PerceivedControl Knowing You Can Do It: Self-Efficacy Explaining Negative Events:Learned Helplessness Optimism: Looking on the Bright Side Coping WithStress Gender Differences in Coping with Stress Social Support: GettingHelp from Others Opening Up: Making Sense of Traumatic Events Prevention:Promoting Healthier Behavior Preventable Health Problems SocialPsychological Interventions: Targeting Safer Sex Summary Chapter 16 SocialPsychology in Action 3: Social Psychology and the Law Eyewitness TestimonyWhy Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong? Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are MistakenJudging Whether Witnesses Are Lying Can Eyewitness Testimony Be Improved?The Recovered Memory Debate Juries: Group Processes in Action How JurorsProcess Information during the Trial Confessions: Are They Always What TheySeem? Deliberations in the Jury Room Why Do People Obey The Law? Do SeverePenalties Deter Crime? Procedural Justice: People's Sense of FairnessSummary