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List of Figures ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xxi PART I. RadicalMicrosociology Chapter 1 The Program of Interaction Ritual Theory 3Situation rather than Individual as Starting Point 3 ConflictingTerminologies 7 Traditions of Ritual Analysis 9 Subcognitive Ritualism 9Functionalist Ritualism 13 Goffman's Interaction Ritual 16 The Code-SeekingProgram 25 The Cultural Turn 30 Classic Origins of IR Theory in Durkheim'sSociology of Religion 32 The Significance of Interaction Ritual for GeneralSociological Theory 40 Chapter 2 The Mutual-Focus / Emotional-EntrainmentModel 47 Ritual Ingredients, Processes, and Outcomes 47 Formal Rituals andNatural Rituals 49 Failed Rituals, Empty Rituals, Forced Rituals 50 IsBodily Presence Necessary? 53 The Micro-Process of Collective Entrainment inNatural Rituals 65 Conversational Turn-Taking as Rhythmic Entrainment 66Experimental and Micro-Observational Evidence on Rhythmic Coordination andEmotional Entrainment 75 Joint Attention as Key to Development of SharedSymbols 79 Solidarity Prolonged and Stored in Symbols 81 The Creation ofSolidarity Symbols in 9/11 88 Rules for Unraveling Symbols 95 Chapter 3Emotional Energy and the Transient Emotions 102 Disruptive and Long-TermEmotions, or Dramatic Emotions and Emotional Energy 105 Interaction Ritualas Emotion Transformer 107 Stratified Interaction Rituals 111 Power Rituals112 Status Rituals 115 Effects on Long-Term Emotions: Emotional Energy 118Emotion Contest and Conflict Situations 121 Short-Term or Dramatic Emotions125 Transformations from Short-Term Emotions into Long-Term EE 129 TheStratification of Emotional Energy 131 Appendix: Measuring Emotional Energyand Its Antecedents 133 Chapter 4 Interaction Markets and Material Markets141 Problems of the Rational Cost-Benefit Model 143 The Rationality ofParticipating in Interaction Rituals 146 The Market for Ritual Solidarity149 Reinvestment of Emotional Energy and Membership Symbols 149 Match-Upsof Symbols and Complementarity of Emotions 151 Emotional Energy as theCommon Denominator of Rational Choice 158 I. Material Production IsMotivated by the Need for Resources for Producing IRs 160 II. EmotionalEnergy Is Generated by Work-Situation IRs 163 III. Material Markets AreEmbedded in an Ongoing Flow of IRs Generating Social Capital 165 Altruism168 When Are Individuals Most Materially Self-Interested? 170 The BottomLine: EE-Seeking Constrained by Material Resources 171 Sociology of Emotionsas the Solution to Rational Choice Anomalies 174 The Microsociology ofMaterial Considerations 176 Situational Decisions without ConsciousCalculation 181 Chapter 5 Internalized Symbols and the Social Process ofThinking 183 Methods for Getting Inside, or Back Outside 184 IntellectualNetworks and Creative Thinking 190 Non-Intellectual Thinking 196Anticipated and Reverberated Talk 197 Thought Chains and Situational Chains199 The Metaphor of Dialogue among Parts of the Self 203 VerbalIncantations 205 Speeds of Thought 211 Internal Ritual and Self-Solidarity218 PART II. Applications Chapter 6 A Theory of Sexual Interaction 223Sex as Individual Pleasure-Seeking 228 Sex as Interaction Ritual 230Nongenital Sexual Pleasures as Symbolic Targets 238 Sexual NegotiationScenes rather than Constant Sexual Essences 250 Prestige-Seeking and PublicEroticization 252 Chapter 7 Situational Stratification 258 Macro- andMicro-Situational Class, Status, and Power 263 Economic Class as ZelizerCircuits 263 Status Group Boundaries and Categorical Identities 268Categorical Deference and Situational Deference 278 D-Power and E-Power 284Historical Change in Situational Stratification 288 An Imagery forContemporary Interaction 293 Chapter 8 Tobacco Ritual and Anti-Ritual:Substance Ingestion as a History of Social Boundaries 297 Inadequacies ofthe Health and Addiction Model 299 Tobacco Rituals: Relaxation / WithdrawalRituals, Carousing Rituals, Elegance Rituals 305 Ritual Paraphernalia:Social Display and Solitary Cult 317 Failures and Successes of Anti-TobaccoMovements 326 Aesthetic Complaints and Struggle over Status DisplayStandards 327 Anti-Carousing Movements 328 The End of Enclave Exclusion:Respectable Women Join the Carousing Cult 329 The Health-OrientedAnti-Smoking Movement of the Late Twentieth Century 331 The Vulnerability ofSituational Rituals and the Mobilization of Anti-Carousing Movements 337Chapter 9 Individualism and Inwardness as Social Products 345 The SocialProduction of Individuality 347 Seven Types of Introversion 351Work-Obsessed Individuals 351 Socially Excluded Persons 353 SituationalIntroverts 354 Alienated Introverts 355 Solitary Cultists 356 IntellectualIntroverts 357 Neurotic or Hyper-Reflexive Introverts 360 The Micro-Historyof Introversion 362 The Modern Cult of the Individual 370 Notes 375References 417 Index 435